Naturalism And Evolutionary Theory Is Self Undermining

Naturalism in Conjunction with Evolutionary Theory is Self Undermining Naturalism is self undermining because if naturalism and evolution is true, we have insufficient reason to believe our cognitive faculties are reliable, which means that any human construct (including naturalism and evolution) is unreliable. Plantinga’s evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) argues the combination of evolutionary theory and naturalism is self-defeating on the basis that naturalism and evolution is true, the probability that humans have reliable cognitive faculties is inscrutable. If god creates us either directly, or indirectly through directed evolutionary means, we are guaranteed our cognitive faculties, when properly used and normal, are reliable. This hinges on three claims: naturalism is committed to a Darwinian theory of origin, darwinian evolutionary processes would not likely yield cognitive processes which are reliable in a relevant epistemic sense, and theistic creation w ould yield reliable cognitive mechanisms. In his EAAN, Plantinga (1994) discusses four ways in which evolution would produce creatures with belief generating mechanisms of which one would not want to bet on. These will be discussed in the following to prove that the confluence of evolutionary theory with naturalism is self defeating. Firstly, Plantinga (1994) discusses epiphenomenalism; that physical events are completely independent of mental processes. He discusses that there is no causalShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Communication Is Defined As “A Process Of Circular...

Communication is defined as â€Å"a process of circular interaction involving a sender, receiver, and message† (Moran; p. 80). Effective workplace communication can be difficult when interacting with employees from different cultures and areas of the world. Familiar social and communicative norms may be interpreted as offensive to employees who are not accustomed to the culture in the country of operation. Managers incur the sole responsibility of building and employing best approaches for employees not to not only feel valued and included, but also for them to communicate effectively towards a common purpose or goal. Effective communication can be enhanced in a multicultural department by (1) developing and exemplifying the necessary†¦show more content†¦First, it is imperative for managers to actively listen to employees without negatively interpreting or judging. Instead, they should demonstrate a high level of empathy and tolerance. In addition, to achieve in tercultural effectiveness among team members through enhanced communication, managers should exemplify respect both verbally and nonverbally when interacting with employees and other associates. As managers demonstrate a high-level of understanding and tolerance through employing different methods of effective communication, the likelihood of leading a team of multicultural employees down a path to successfully work together significantly increases. This is a skillset that is much easier to teach than it is to apply. According to a scholarly article written by Barbara Mazur, managerial and team development is crucial to achieve intercultural workplace success. â€Å"Since managing diversity remains a significant organizational challenge, managers must learn the managerial skills needed in a multicultural work environment. Supervisors and managers must be prepared to teach themselves and others within their organizations to value multicultural differences in both associates and cu stomers so that everyone is treated with dignity† (Mazur; p. 5). Similar to gaining additional insight on the various customs and behaviors of employees from different regions and cultures on an individual level, managers can also gain even more knowledge and understanding by interactingShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Collective Behavior Essay1219 Words   |  5 Pagesmore individuals acting together or collectively. ( Smelser, 1965) The term collective behavior was first used by Robert E. Park, and was employed by Herbert Blumer. According to Smelser, there is a relation between communication and interaction and the definition of collective behaviour. â€Å"The central defining characteristic of an episode of collective behaviour is a belief envisioning the reconstitution of some component of social action†. (Smelser, pg 11) According to him, inRead MoreAssessment And Intervention Of Print Knowledge1705 Words   |  7 Pageslives of children. As a result of diversity in family dynamics, literacy levels can be varied and sometimes non-existent. Print knowledge is an early construct of literacy development pivotal to latter literacy achievement. Print knowledge can be defined as the â€Å"understanding of the forms and functions of written language and the names and features of the alphabet† (Pratt et al., 2015, p.570). Much research is provided concerning curriculum development of print knowledge for typically developingRead MoreAn Early Influence On Family Therapy1313 Words   |  6 Pagesis not a clear method of therapy. There is a study of communication patterns in families with members having symptoms of schizophrenia that defined the dysfunctional ways of relating within the family, they include double bind, marital schism and marital skew, and pseudo mutuality. General systems theory is an approach that focused on how the family functions as a whole unit, which includes feedback that has two patterns, linear and circular, and homeostasis that includes positive feedback and negativeRead MoreCommunication, Emotion, Leaders, And Followers1402 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication, Emotion, Leaders, and Followers To be effective, leaders must understand how to communicate and maintain positive relationships with their followers. Leaders must direct, and appropriately reciprocate emotions. Though challenging, success should ensure followers are engaged participants in a meaningful shared objective. Leader Follower Relationships There is a joint effort to achieve goals between leaders and followers. Followers are leaders in training and most leaders areRead MoreFamily Systems Intervention2126 Words   |  9 PagesInterventions Intervention skills: Facilitating family change Change skills 1. Break maladaptive interaction patterns 2. Clarity problematic consequences 3. Alter affective blocks 4. Initiate cognitive restructuring 5. Implement new adaptive patterns 6. Mobilize external resources as required Break Maladaptive Patterns †¢ Intervene to control maladaptive patterns by restructuring family interaction verbally or physically †¢ When appropriate, facilitate the adaptive expression of anger of oneRead Moreculture and socialization Essay1533 Words   |  7 Pages Socialization can be defined as the process by which people learn to become members of a society (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p.58). Thus, the socialization process of an individual starts from birth and continues throughout life. The period of socialization helps an individual to develop feelings, perceptions, learn the basics of social interaction and also learn to recognize and respond socially to parents and other important people in their lives (Tepperman Curtis, 2011, p.58). AccordingRead MoreCorporate Tax Evasion Essay example690 Words   |  3 Pageshas a higher burden of proof in the criminal cases. The criminal cases, however, reach a far greater spectrum of potential defendants. Unlike the civil penalties which target only the taxpayer, the criminal penalties reach anyone engaging in the defined offense, including employees, accountants, lawyers and tax preparers. Under IRC Sec. 7206(2), a person is guilty of a crime if he willfully: aids or assists in or procur es, counsels, or advises the preparation or presentation †¦ of a return, affidavitRead MoreFamily Focused Therapy Models Within The Context Of Grief And Bereavement1543 Words   |  7 Pagespaper is not to argue whether one therapeutic model is preferred or more effective than the other, but simply to review the literature regarding bereavement and family therapy. Bereavement and the Role of Family Bereavement is considered to be the process of grieving and accepting the loss of a loved one who has died. More often than not it is associated with suffering and consequently may be experienced as a mental, physical, social or emotional reaction (Stroebe, Stroebe Schut, 2003). A wide rangeRead MoreSystemic Questioning Essay2821 Words   |  12 Pagesmember is revealing. Clients in turn use the process to try to make sense of their experience. Communication is key in counseling. Family therapy has developed several approaches to framing questions within family meetings, questions are the primary tool clinicians use to learn about the family’s experiences. These questions help gather important information about various issues. Several authors in the MFT field have described and categorized questions (circular, reflexive, and narrative). There are twoRead MoreGaps in Service Delivery1497 Words   |  6 Pagesthe service-performance gap - not performing the service as desi gned and gap 4: the communication gap - not matching performance to promises. Firms need to close these gaps by understanding customer needs and delivering services to match customer expectation and perceptions through internal and relationship marketing in order to satisfy their customers and build long term relationships with them. Gap 1 is defined as lack of understanding of customers expectations and perceptions of the service,

The Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Key Changes in Privacy Act 1988 and how these Changes affect the National and Overseas Organization. Answer: Introduction: The privacy Act 1988 (Privacy Act) provide protection to the personal information. Personal information is considered as information which can identify the person, such as name, address, Phone number, date of birth, records related to medical, bank account details, and opinions related to the person. There are number of amendments related to the Privacy Act and these amendments are introduced on 12th March 2014. It states the new set of Australian Privacy Principles (APPs), and these principles define the procedure through which information is handled by private sector organizations and Australian Government agencies. It also includes the changes related to the collection and use of credit information, and imposed various new powers in the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner (OAIC) for the purpose of resolving privacy complaints and investigations. This paper contains the discussion on National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act. In this, a provision related to privacy Act of other countries is also discussed. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. National and overseas effects of the new privacy Act: Key changes: Amendments made by government in the Privacy Act include various new provisions and obligations in terms of corresponding compliance. Two parts of the Act are completely changed by these new amendments. Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions. Numbers of important changes are introduced in the current framework such as policy related to the credit information, collection and recording of information related to credit, and disclosure of such information to overseas entities. It is necessary for those retail businesses that issue credit cards, banks, business organizations which substantially involve the provision related to the credit, those suppliers which supplies goods and services on credit payment/terms, equipment lessors, and credit providers to follow this new framework. This framework was amended on the basis of revised Credit Reporting Privacy Code developed by Australian Retail Credit Association, and it was registered by the Australian Privacy Commissioner (Commissioner) (Goblin, 2014). It must be noted that credit reporting provisions under the privacy Act states various types of credit providers which includes banks and retailers. However, maximum organization can be considered as: Agent of credit provider which helps the credit provider in processing the application for credit. Organization is considered as credit provider if it allows the client to defer the repayment of the cost in relation of goods purchased by client or services provided to the client for the period of seven days. It is very important for organizations to ensure that their privacy policy, credit reporting policy, and collection statements provide details of the actual management of the personal information in context of that organization. Documentation related to privacy compliance must be reflective in nature for the purpose of collection, uses, storage, disclosures, access and correction of the personal information. However, the main legal risk related to an organization is occurred because of the statements included by organization in the privacy compliance document, and these risks arise because there is misalignment of privacy policy with the actual practices of the organization. Therefore, it is clear that noncompliance and liability on organization arise because organization fails to fulfill its promises (Delaney Davis, 2014). It must be noted that these key changes are mainly reflected by the APP1 and APP5 that is privacy policy and notification obligations respectively. These standards impose higher burden on business organizations to institute practices, procedures and policies which ensure privacy protection. It also includes procedures related to inquiries and complaints in regards of organization compliance with the APPs. It must be noted that privacy policy must be transparent, accessible to the public, and must be available for free of charge. Following are some details stated below which must be included in the privacy policy of the organization: Particular type of personal information which is collected and holds by the organization, and method for the purpose of collection and holding such information. Policy must state the primary and secondary purpose for which such information is collected, hold, and disclosed by the organization. Method through which individual access his personal information and how changes can be made by the individual in such information. Procedure related to the complaint in case of breach of the APPs or an applicable registered APP code; and how organization deals with complaint made by individual. Other changes: Some other changes are also stated below which affect the working and obligations of organizations at both national and overseas: APP2- this standard provides that when there is no obligation on individual to disclose their identity then such individual can use a pseudonym. Previously individuals only have option of anonymity. APP4- this standard provides that in case organization receives any information through unsolicited means and it is not possible for organization to receive that information through solicited means then it is the obligation of organization to destroy that information. APP7- this standard increases the requirements for consent of informed user in relation to direct marketing. Organizations must ensure simple ways through which individual can place request for not receiving direct marketing and also for making request that personal information of the individual is not given to any third party for the similar purpose (OAIC, 2014). Overseas effect: Section 16C and APP8 that is disclosure to overseas entities are considered as the most controversial and least understood change. It must be noted that above stated changes mainly impact the organizations working at national level, but this change impacts the organization working at overseas. APP8 set out the new principal of accountability and states that if any organization works in Australia wants to disclose personal information to an overseas entity then it is the duty of Australian organization to take such steps which ensures that overseas entity to which such information is disclosed must compiled with the APP standards. Personal information disclosures also include provision related to electronic viewing access, and it is not necessary that there must be physical transfer of data. In case overseas organization fails to comply with the APP standards in respect of personal information, then Australian organization is accountable and liable under section 16C in such manner as Australian organization failed to compile with the Privacy Act. Therefore, it is necessary for those organizations which provide personal information to overseas organization to consider contractual binding on those overseas entities for the purpose of complying with the new legislation and privacy policy of Australian organization. It also includes implementing the safeguards related to the privacy policy, legal exposure of the Australian organization in case overseas organization breaches the contract and fails to implement those safeguards (OAIC, 2015). This can be understood through example in relation to Foreign IT suppliers, as per this IT suppliers are also bound by the privacy Act of Australia if they conduct any activity in the Australia. Even activities conducted by the suppliers outside the Australia then also they are covered by this Act if (Corrs, 2017): Suppliers carry their business in Australia or They collect and hold the personal information in Australia or They receive personal information from Australian organization. For the above stated provisions, those organizations which are not physically present in the Australia but collect information from people through their online presence will be considered as organization which carries business in Australia. In other words, if any organization working at overseas collects any personal information from people in Australia through online source are bound by the Privacy Act of Australia. Powers of commissioner its effect: From March 2014, new amendments enhanced the power of the commissioner in relation to investigation and enforcement. Various new powers are imposed such as commissioner has right to get injunction from the Court against any person and organization which contravenes the provisions of the Privacy Act, obtain enforcement undertakings by that person which breached the privacy Act. Commissioner can also seek penalty orders from Federal Court of civil if there is any serious breach. Enhanced powers of commissioner impact both national and overseas organizations in following manner: Seeking permission- at the time of privacy reform process, complete banking sector and especially Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ) show their concerns in relation to the changes occurred in principal of cross border disclosure and its impact on international operations of the banks. After the introduction of APP8 both ANZ and the Reserve Bank of Australia make application to the commissioner under public interest determinations for the purpose of allowing them and other authorized deposit taking institutions to disclose the personal information related to the beneficiary of an IMT to an overseas financial institution while processing the IMT. The actual concern in relation to that application was that because of the increased complication in international transfer system and practices conducted by overseas organizations, it is necessary to disclose the personal information beyond the permission granted by APP8. In this situation two determinations are made by Commissioner under public interest, and one determination is specifically relates with the ANZ and second for remaining banking industry. Commissioner stated that while disclosing the personal information of the beneficiary in case of IMT, ADI will not be held responsible for APP breaches on behalf of overseas organizations (Macor, 2014). Comparison with other country: it must be noted that provisions of privacy law vary country to country. This can be understood through example; it is very simple for US based companies to collect data from users in the EU. In EU strict data privacy laws are applicable if any organization is certified under a program called Safe Harbor. But few years before, safe harbor program was declared invalid by EU. As per Kate Lucente, attorney of US who works with the issues of data privacy it is necessary for companies to ensure some back up mechanism for the purpose of making data transfer legal. It is clear that there is huge difference between the countries privacy law and every country makes their laws as per issues addressed by them in relation to data privacy. Conclusion: This paper states the Key changes of privacy Act and how these changes affect the national and overseas organization. various important changes are stated in this paper such as Provisions of Privacy Act in relation to credit reporting are completely replaced by new credit provisions, enhanced powers of commissioner and how these powers affect the banking industry, information disclose to overseas organization, etc. This new privacy Act ensures protection of personal information of individuals and ensures data safety. References: Corrs, (2017). Major Changes To Australia's Privacy Act: Why They Matter For Foreign It Suppliers Doing Business In Australia. Viewed at: https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/major-changes-to-australias-privacy-act-why-they-matter-for-foreign-it-suppliers-doing-business-in-australia/. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Delaney, H. Davis, M. Privacy Act: Are you compliant. Viewed at: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/5617/privacy-act-are-you-compliant.aspx. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Macor, N. (2014). The New Privacy Act: Six Months On. Viewed at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CommsLawB/2014/16.pdf. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2014). Privacy fact sheet 24: How changes to privacy law affect you. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/individuals/privacy-fact-sheets/general/privacy-fact-sheet-24-how-changes-to-privacy-law-affect-you. Accessed on 25th August 2017. OAIC, (2015). Cross-border disclosure of personal information. Viewed at: https://www.oaic.gov.au/agencies-and-organisations/app-guidelines/chapter-8-app-8-cross-border-disclosure-of-personal-information. Accessed on 25th August 2017. Tobin, G. (2014). Privacy law in Australia: an overview. Viewed at: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=f508c927-860b-43a4-832a-aabea4169037. Accessed on 25th August 2017.

The human cost of an illiterate society Jonathan Kozol Essay Essay Example

The human cost of an illiterate society: Jonathan Kozol Essay Essay As I type this essay I am utilizing one signifier of communicating available to those of us who are literate. Sadly non all of us have the ability to make what most if non all of us who are lucky to be literate. take for granted. One such article. â€Å"The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society? † elaborates on the issue of illiteracy. which is utterly apparent in America. This essay is written utilizing illustration to demo that cognition is so power and those who are nonreader are about powerless in today’s society. To even get down to turn out your thesis you need to to the full explicate and clear up what it is you are seeking to state and or turn out. Basically you are utilizing this technique to avoid vagueness in your essay. When Kozol provinces. â€Å"Tragedy looms larger than travesty in the United States today. † ambiguity is evident but he clears it up with the following few sentences by supplying grounds for this declaration â€Å"Illiterate citizens rarely vote. More often. they vote for a face. a smiling. or a manner. non for a head or character or organic structure of beliefs† ( Kozol 230 ) . Another illustration is. â€Å"Illiterates do non purchase ‘no name’ merchandises in the supermarkets. They must depend on exposure or the familiar Son that are printed on the bundles of brand-name groceries† ( Kozol 232 ) . The latter sentence of each quotation mark clarifies and explains the former sentence in each illustration. While clear uping and explicat ing are good thoughts when composing an essay you must maintain your readers from falling asleep. We will write a custom essay sample on The human cost of an illiterate society: Jonathan Kozol Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The human cost of an illiterate society: Jonathan Kozol Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The human cost of an illiterate society: Jonathan Kozol Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A manner to maintain a clasp on reader’s attending is to add involvement that can be done by utilizing attractive illustrations that can at the same clip do clear certain points. Kozol is exceeding at this method as seen here: â€Å"They can non read the releases that they sign predating surgical processs. Several adult females I have known in Boston have entered a slum infirmary with the purpose of obtaining a tubal ligation and have emerged a few yearss subsequently after holding been subjected to a hysterectomy† ( Kozol 231 ) . A different illustration of adding involvement is as follow: â€Å"Even when labels are apparently clear. they may be easy mistaken. A adult female in Detroit brought place a gallon of Crisco for her children’s dinner. She thought that she had bought the poulet that was pictured on the label† ( Kozol 233 ) . In both instances he makes an allegedly simple statement interesting by supplying a typical illustration that clarifies the original statement. Once you have a reader’s involvement it is easy to declare that is all you need. but if you truly want to do announcement that is rational it is necessary to carry the reader every bit good. Giving facts and true narratives are ways of accomplishing this. To carry us that illiteracy is an existent job Kozol gives us the fact that the figure of illiterate grownups in this state is 16 million more than the full ballots cast for victor of the 1980 presidential election ( Kozol 230 ) . Facts like this brand you rethink your sentiment if you were disbelieving of the authors’ positions and do you more bearable to his beliefs if you were on his side in the beginning. Kozol implies that being illiterate makes it hard if non impossible for female parents and male parents to be successful in understanding their kids advancement in school. He persuades the reader by stating. â€Å"Illiterates can non read the letters their kids bring place from their instructors. They can non analyze school section handbills that tell them of the classs their kids must be taking if they hope to go through the SAT tests. They can non assist with homework† ( Kozol231 ) . He is giving equal cases that make his avowal believable. After reading his essay it is sensible to believe the broad range job of illiteracy. What it besides shows is that even being literate can be considered nonreader on another. For illustration the mean reader like myself likely had problem understanding his context the first clip around or even the 2nd or the 3rd which can do you experience like your on a low-level degree of literacy. He made me experience like I was in a sense nonreader to his words and cognition. It was really good in directing a message to me about hoe all the people confronting illiteracy must experience in their mundane lives.