Confucius in Modern China Essay -- philosophical ideologies

Every culture is composed of many philosophical ideologies that comprise the ever-changing temperament of verbalize nation. Many cultures do not puddle a monolithic, nor static nature ideas such as Maoism, Daoism, Christianity, etc., challenge the preexisting notions that are part of a culture. Even though the Chinese government has established a strong strand against Confucianism, it is unruffled a part of the Chinese culture in socio-political, economic, familial, and somebody levels. Confucianism is still prevalent though business, education, the Confucian revival, the previous ties China had with Confucianism, and a return to old traditions as a default.Through the economic-business aspect point of view, Confucianism still holds sway over many of the actions and discoverings in Chinese business, and some even say that, it is impossible to do business in China and not feel the effects of Confucian philosophy (Jacobs 29). For example, the sense of a social hierarchy is painful ly obvious when foreign entrepreneurs do business with Chinese companies. In a business venture, a British marketer who invited several Chinese guests to a trade promotion reception According to Chinese tradition, the glass of wine should have been poseed to the highest trade official first (Jacobs 29). This sense of hierarchy is also integrated into several manifestations of Chinese business management, particularly in an individual level that builds up to the corporation as a whole due to the fact that the major(ip)ity of people are expected to behave according to rank, they are disinclined to present ideas that may lead to the development of the business. Jacobs also says that this explains much of the inertia in Chinese businesses, particularly in state-owned en... ...ts influence is still strong. For example, the Chinese state is allocating a $10 billion fund to sponsor a worldwide network of schools to promote Chinese culture and language in the Chinese Bridge Program, which is viewed as he first step to a wider global acceptance of Confucian philosophy (Zhu). Speaking in a historical sense, in times of major social change, such as when the Communist party came into political power, Confucianism was derided and dismissed. Although political agendas and events try to mask the traditional ideologies of the Chinese people, recent political changes have said to create a new structure (Jacobs 30). Just as any other philosophy that has been imbued with a culture, Confucianism is not easy thing to dissolve the staple principals form the basis of much of Chinas culture on a business, familial, socio-political, and individual levels.

Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

Inspector Goole in An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley I will be answering the question What is the importance of the inspector in J. B Preisleys An Inspector Calls. I think the Inspector is the characters guilty conscience. To prove this I will go through every character and comment on how they react to the Inspector and I shall also comment on how the Inspector reacts to the Birlings and Gerald. Inspector Goole makes his entrance in the middle of the Birlings celebration, they are celebrating the engagement of Sheila (their daughter) to Gerald Croft son of sir George Croft of Crofts Limited. At the time the Inspector enters Mrs. Birling and Sheila have left the room so Mr. Birling, Gerald and Eric (his son) are left in the room. Mr. Birling is in the middle of a barbarism to Eric and Gerald a manhood has to make his own way-has to look later on himself-and his family to. He is cut off when the maid Edna tells Mr. Birling that an Inspector is her e to assemble him this dexterity be a secret message by J.B Priestly (the writer of the play) saying that life shouldnt be like people shouldnt just look after their family and friends they should be caring to other people and during the evening the characters learn that lesson because if they had treated Eva Smith well she wouldnt have died. The Inspector first questions Mr. Birling, a proud man who is very old fashioned. The Inspector came down on them straight away saying a young girl has just committed suicide by drinking some disinfectant . Mr. Birling doesnt take him seriously telling the Inspector that it is nothing to do with him even when the Inspector tells him that Eva Smith use to execute for him. Mr. Birling still doesnt feel any remorse. The Inspector shows Birling a photograph of Eva Smith and, Birling can remember her now, then Gerald and Eric ask to see the photograph of the girl but in a quiet but firm tone the Inspector replies

Oh the Possibilities! :: Teachers Teaching Education Essays

Oh the Possibilities Whether we issue it or not, through extinct life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am alone talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, procreation is helping the youngster realize his potentialities. Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a childs life is the chief(prenominal) reason for my pedagogy career. In this paper, I provide explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I pull up stakes use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. However, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it w as very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. besides I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the tolerate of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. umteen people pick out that the teaching profession doesnt pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally distinguishable that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times that I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too knowing to be a teacher. My reply was always, Who taught the doctor the human anatomy? Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law?Oh the Possibilities Teachers Teaching Education EssaysOh the Possibilities Whether we know it or not, throughout life many people mold and shape our lives. These are the people that make us who we are today. I am simply talking about one person in particular, a teacher. Teachers change lives every day without even sometimes realizing it. Erich Fromm said it best when he stated, Education is helping the child realize his potentialities. Knowing that I could have a positive effect on a childs life is the main reason for my teaching career. In this paper, I will explain why I want to teach, my educational goals, and the philosophy that I will use during my teaching career. From my grade school years, I had always thought of being a pediatrician. Even during my senior year while filling out my college application, my major would be Pre-Med Biology. Howev er, it was during that same year that I started teaching for the Wednesday night youth group at my church. Although it was very informal teaching, I knew that I had a knack for it. I also started teaching 5 ladies piano lessons during my senior year. One by one, they would tell me how wonderful I would be at teaching. But I will still very unsure about the whole idea. After that year of teaching, I knew that teaching was what I wanted to do for the rest of my life. Education plays a vital role in our society. Becoming a teacher is not a fashionable choice by our society, but it is crucial. Many people claim that the teaching profession doesnt pay enough and are quickly unenthusiastic to enter the field. Is changing the life of one child at a time not enough? Another common misconception the public has about teaching is that bright people should enter another profession. When I finally decided that teaching was what I wanted to do with my life, I was told so many times tha t I needed to do something that would benefit my life. I was too smart to be a teacher. My reply was always, Who taught the doctor the human anatomy? Who taught the lawyer about the ways of the law?

Hardships in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro :: Boys and Girls Alice Munro

In her story, Boys and Girls, Alice Munro depicts the hardships and successes of the rite of passage into adulthood by dint of her portrayal of a young cashier and her brother. Through the narrator, the subject of the profound unfairness of sex- case stereotyping, and the effect this has on the rites of passage into adulthood is presented. The protagonist in Munros story, obscure by a name, goes through an extreme and radical initiation into adulthood, similar to that of her younger brother. Munro proposes that gender stereotyping, relationships, and a loss of innocence put to work an extreme, and often-controversial role in the growing and passing into adulthood for many young children. Initiation, or the rite of passage into adulthood, is, according to the theme of Munros story, both a mandatory and necessary experience. Alice Munros creation of an unnamed and therefore undignified, female protagonist proposes that the narrator is without identity or the prospect of power. Unlike the narrator, the young brother Laird is named a name that means "lord" and implies that he, by virtue of his gender alone, is invested with identity and is to become a master. This stereotyping in names alone seems to suggest that gender does play an grand role in the initiation of young children into adults. Growing up, the narrator loves to help her father outside with the foxes, rather than to aid her mother with "dreary and peculiarly depressing" work through with(p) in the kitchen (425). In this escape from her predestined duties, the narrator looks upon her mothers assigned tasks to be "endless," while she views the work of her father as "ritualistically important" (425). This view illustrates her happy childhood, filled with dreams and fantasy. Her contrast between the work of her father and the chores of her mother, illustrate an arising struggle between what the narrator is expected to do and what she wants to do. Work done by h er father is viewed as being real, while that done by her mother was considered boring. Conflicting views of what was fun and what was expected lead the narrator to her initiation into adulthood. Unrealistically, the narrator believes that she would be of use to her father more and more as she got older. However, as she grows older, the difference between boys and girls becomes more clear and conflicting to her.

Should Science be Boundless? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Papers

Should Science be Boundless? Imagine a world with no encloses or boundaries. Would life be chaotic and outrageously out of control or would people know how to control themselves? The merciful race has proved to us several times for a necessity to have rules to live by and guidelines to follow. Each day people are pressing to go beyond the boundaries, which limit their actions. One of the best examples are scientific people who are driven to make discoveries from each one day, month or year. Some scientists are driven with emulation and try to go beyond the limits. We need our government to control these scientists. In Mary Shellys Frankenstein, we see an example of how a scientist, who was not apt(p) any restrictions, created a monster and was fearful of his own invention. In the article Biotech Century playacting Ecological Roulette with Mother Natures Designs, Jeremy Rifkin presents reasons why some scientists need to be given boundaries. Even hundreds of years ago people wer e toying with the ideas of recreating matter. In Mary Shellys book Frankenstein she creates a character named Victor Frankenstein. Although the story is fictional, Mary Shelley presents a realistic image of one mans idea to create an inanimate object. Back in the 1800s the story was fictional, and was filled with scientific inquires which seemed at that time, nearly impossible for a human to accomplish. Today people are making their dreams a reality by having the freedom to experiment and discover whatever they want. The problem scientists could face is being uneffective to control the results of their discoveries. Just like the story of Frankenstein, scientists are driven to discover the what if questions. For example in our society, scientists are driven to d... ...turn, more chemicals sprayed on food, effects the consumer who buys the payoff or vegetables. These are the reasons why our scientists are genetically engineering plant life. We live in a world where scientific disc overies are surfacing each day.We need to accept the discoveries and support the ones which were not successful. Scientists need to be given some sort of restrictions in regards to everything in life, which would be a necessity for an several(prenominal) to live. Naturally the world of science means a world of curiosity and adventures. Our government needs to step in and control the scientists actions. Works CitedRifkin, Jeremy. Biotech Century Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother Nature. The Presence of Others. Ed. Bedford. St. Martins 2000 244-253Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein The Presence of Others. Ed. Bedford. St. Martins 2000 231-235

Dynamic Change and Collaborative Learning Environments :: Education, Leadership and Organizational Theory

Dynamic Change and Collaborative Learning Environments The continuous transformation in educational organization requires investigation of how the organization can be equipped to collaboratively handle constant changes and still improve. Leadership and organizational theory provide the support into looking at how an organization functions and how change happens within that organization. educational organizations are always trying to catch up hence, a system of improvement is necessary for teachers to have direct access to in-house experts to entertain. (W. W. polish off, 2008) identifies an educational environment as an open system because it depends on a constant connection with the environment. The literature offers many distinctions about the what of change, such as planned or unplanned however, thither is a lack of information about the why and how of implementing change. Burke (2008) refers to the what part of change as content and the how as the process. As stat ed by Burke (2008), management consulting tends to focus on the content- on what needs to be changed. The process of how to bring about the change is either ignored or left to others, oddly the client, to implement (p. 165). Dufour and Eaker (1998), report that trying to change beliefs and habits will be complex and difficult to achieve. They state, if a change initiative is to be sustained, the elements of that change must be embedded with in the culture of the school (p. 133). As stated by Fullan (2008), Systems can apprise on a continuous basis. The synergistic result of the prior five secrets in action is tantamount to a system that learns from itself (p 14). Performance and outcomes will always change so the system will have to learn from itself in order to move forward with changes for continual success. In addition, Bandura (1997) supports the idea of a system learning from itself when he says that people can and do control their own motivation and thought process u sing observation and self-assessment to change their behaviors and attain goals. Peer observation is one way the system (the school) can learn from itself. The Professional Learning Community as a whole is the stakeholder. Administrators, teachers, staff, and students all hold a piece to the success of a community of learners that look to sum up their knowledge capacity by learning from each other.

Is Samsung Both Low Cost and Differentiated If Yes, How Does It Do Both?

Samsung is low cost and differentiated. According to exhibit 7a-7i, it can be seen that Samsung has a lower operating cost of $8. 50 as compared to industry average of $11. 03 as well as higher profit margin 6. 6 multiplication that of its competitors. This reflects Samsung ability to deliver desired value to customers using lean and effective design and production. Samsung is able to maintain the low cost largely because of lower labor, R&D and raw material cost.Samsung has a relatively lower labor cost for each production unit because its meritocratic hiring and evaluation system, reward policies, employees upbeat and benefits to employees family allow employees to focus on innovation and productivity. Hardworking employees are always ready to work overtime, thereby eliminating wastage of resources needed to source for additional help or last minute hire. Also, its strategic location in Korea translates into some savings in labor cost compared to companies that operate in Japan an d US.Samsungs juxtaposition of its main R&D facility and fab lines is estimated to have saved an average of 12% on fab construction costs. Living together at the Samsungs primary campus, R&D and production engineers solve design and production engineering problems together and, indirectly encouraged good rapport. This may apologize the lower R&D cost that Samsung incurs. Samsungs innovative technology contributed to lower raw material costs and higher yield rate.Samsung currently uses the smallest crop technology of 0. 11m which enables them to have a higher net dice per wafer compared to their peers who uses 0. 13m. Samsung needs less materials than others to produce the same product, reducing general production cost. Its innovation not only reduced cost, but as well formed its differentiated core competency. Noticeably, its innovation has reduced defects in its product also help to lower wastage and hence lower cost of production.Samsung is also innovative in customizing to their customers needs by designing different offer for each segment. The strategic fit of the different activities formed Samsungs differentiated core competency that is definitely valuable, rare, costly to imitate and nonsubstitutable. The activities include the presence of a productive and innovative human resource, strategic location, social complexity, good leadership and trusted band name. With these synergistic factors, Samsung is both low cost and differentiated.

Discrimination in US Security

Is there systematic discrimination in government and private security arranging? Discrimination is the biasness based on color, religion, race, age, sexual orientation, national innovation and gender. There is systematic discrimination in government and private security organization especially among blacks and other minorities like the Muslims. Muslims and blacks according to government and private organization are perceived to be more capable of committing crime as opposed to people from other races.For example in 2001 after the September 11 hijackings an airport security firm in Washington was under fire for hiring seven Muslims women who were screeners. This was because among the seven women five were from Sudan which has been blacklisted by the U. S. government and private security organization, whiz was from Egypt and the other from Afghanistan which has been believed for years to be the hideout for Osama who the US government believe to be responsible for the 1998 bombing at tack and 2001 and therefore is their enemy number one. Is racial profiling ever appropriate?Racial profiling is the act of using a persons race or his characteristics of his ethnic background to visit his capability in committing a specific crime. It is inappropriate especially in matters of security as it allows crime to mushroom in certain races as the policemen scarper to divert their attention to one particular race for example in airports, the screeners tend to scrutinize people from middle east broth and Asian origin more than the way they do it for the American citizens and European nationals. Also the United States policemen have been on several occasion accused of racial profiling the African Americans.In that when crime has been committed in a particular neighborhood, the first wary is always an African American. Although racial profiling is only appropriate when the physical traits of the suspect has been given out for example hair color, body weight, complexion. This is the only circumstance that the policemen are allowed to racial profile because racial profiling always leads to injustice in the community in various occasions and the innocent ones are the ones who are always caught. (http//www. amnestyusa. org/racialprofiling/seven particulars. html) Do you believe it is justifiable to take such actions to protect US nationals security?It is justifiable for US government to take such actions to protect US national security because it is a superpower uncouth in world and as one she is the main target for terrorists as they want to bring it down because it is the only country that is brave enough to dubiety the their action. The US government is allowed to discriminate in security organization and to racial profile because most of the terrorists like Osama are from Muslim origin and one fact that we know is that Muslims are very brave they can do anything and this is why we have suicide bombers.Also in US majoring of the criminals are blacks b ecause most of them do it to penalize on the misery they have gone through and discrimination. Most of them are illiterate as a result they cant get a decent job and as a result the only option they have is to commit crime because even the music industry in US is flooded as we can not have everyone in the music industry. As a result the US government does all this to maintain placidity and harmony in order to make united state a favorable and suitable environment for people to stay in and to work in. (http//www. amnestyusa. org/racialprofiling/sevenfacts. html) addressAmnesty International U.S.A. Racial Profiling. Retrieved on January 8th 2008 from http//www.amnestyusa.org/racialprofiling/sevenfacts.html

Coffee Industry Trends Essay

Coffee shops are considered to be specialty eateries, which withal includes retail outlets that purport bagels, donuts, ice cream and frozen yogurt. In 2011 there were around 20,000 coffee tree shops in the United States with combined revenues of $10 billion. 70% of the sales are generated by the top 50 coffee shop operators. thither are topical anaesthetic mom and pop operators competing alongside of Starbucks and other national brands. The number of coffee shops wish Starbucks rose in 2004, but leveled off in the recession of 2008. The number of establishments has grown faster than the number of firms.So while there are instead a few startups, those start- ups are starting up more and more shops. International business is becoming more and more important in this industry. Starbucks report to charter 5,500 international locations in 2010. Starbucks is getting ready to open their first shop in Vietnam. Vietnam is a country with strong coffee traditions and many local independe nt shops. In 2012, the National Coffee Association conducted a study and they found that over 75% of adults living in the US drink coffee and of those, 58% drink it daily. The age group 25-39 went from 44% drinking daily to 54%.Why the increase? Most felt better about their finances. There are still more Americans drinking coffee than tea. There are 183 million coffee drinkers to 173. 5 million tea drinkers. There has been a rushing of national quick service and fast food chains entering the market. McDonalds introduced their specialty coffee line, McCafe in 2005, Burger King has BK Joe, Chick-Fil-A has Cafe blends, 7-Eleven has World Roasts, and Dunkin Donuts has lattes and cappuccinos that they introduced in 2003. Because of increased competition, many companies are trying to increase their sales thru whole and ground coffee.Many are selling thru grocery stores, specialty food stores, and also the internet. This helps build brand awareness and also brings people into the coffee s hop itself. 85% of coffee drinkers make their coffee at home and now they have more ways to make their own specialty and espresso as well. These companies are rattling competing against themselves as they manufacture coffee for the Keurig and Vue machines. The average consumption of coffee has actually fallen slightly in the last 30 years, but is projected to remain stable over the next five years.

Oedipus Rex and Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: The Illusion of Reality Essay

Sophocles was known for his emphasis on the individuals uncompromising search for right, oddly in Oedipus Rex. In Platos parable of the Cave, he, similarly to Sophocles, illustrates mans pursuit of truth and what that means. Plato suggests that truth is subjective to each man. But what is truer? What is fallacy and what is compassionateity? Just because something is illusion for one man does not make it falsehood for the other. To them, I said, the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images (Plato). The story of Oedipus offers a lot of examples of the philosophy that Plato poses in his dialogue.In two works, the men first had to realize their ignorance before they could begin to acquire knowledge and true understanding of the complexities of the human condition Oedipus in a literal sense and the man in the cave in a to a heavy(p)er extent theoretical sense. Oedipus discovers, after piercing come on his eyes, that he has finally arrived at the truth of hi s life story and that he now has a responsibility to shargon his story with his children, extended family, and citizens. And in Platos Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners difficulty discovering the truth lies in his unfortunate restricted life within the cave.And when he escapes, he feels compelled to enlighten others with the newly found truth he has stumbled upon. And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the charge and pity them? (Plato) Oedipus Rex and Platos Allegory of the Cave are works about truth and falsehood, about show and blindness, about light and vileness all of which represent the great carve up between illusion and human race. Oedipus is blinded by the illusion that he has fled his fate, having overcome the prophecy.He estimates he has escaped his parents, and this illusion is his reality. Throughout the play, Oedipus utters curse upon curse onto himse lf without learned because he refuses to see reality of the harsh truth before him. The contrast between what is truth and what is falsehood is a prominent theme throughout twain classical works. Oedipus is on the search for truth, no matter what the cost. He finds truth to be a worthy cause, no matter what harsh realities it may gift them. The emphasis on truth is seen with more clarity in the dialogue between Oedipus and Teiresias.Oedipus rages at Teiresias for speaking out against him by dictating Oedipus fate. Oedipus yells, Can you possibly think you commence some way of going free, after such insolence? Then Teiresias replies, I withdraw gone free. It is the truth that sustains me. Oedipus retaliates, It seems you can go on mouthing like this forever. Teiresias then concludes by saying, I can if there is power in truth (Sophocles 889-890) Teiresias, a blind man, takes consolation in the truth, despite the scratchiness of the reality. Oedipus, though initially enraged at this proposition, then starts to understand its importance and power.This situation is real similar to what is seen in Platos work. The prisoner is bound by the illusion of his false sense of comfort and security. When he is released and emerges from the cave, he is overcome by the power of the light of the sun. The glare entrust distress him, and he will be unable to see the realities of which in his former state he had seen the shadows Will he not fancy that the shadows which he formerly saw are truer than the objects which are now shown to him? (Plato) Platos proposition of mans reaction to new and better truths, despite the harshness, almost perfectly parallels Oedipus reaction.And even the satire of when the prisoners mock their fellow inmate for being delusional in his lack of belief in the realities of the shadows parallel the relationship between Oedipus and Teiresias. Oedipus, after being told the reality by Teiresias says, You child of endless night You cannot hurt me or any other man who sees the sun (890 lines 156-157) Oedipus is blinded by his illusions and perception of what is reality. There is blatant irony in the contrast of sight and blindness in Sophocles play. Oedipus, while being able to physically see, is indeed blinded to reality.Teiresias, who is physically blind, sees the reality and accepts it and attempts to spread that reality to Oedipus who is obstinate to see. Teiresias rebukes Oedipus in his mockery saying, You call me unfeeling, if only you could see the nature of your own feelings Listen to me. You mock my blindness, do you? But I say that you, with both your eyes, are blind. You cannot see the wretchedness of your life (Sophocles 890-891). This sight of the reality, the truth, is represented in Platos piece by the emerging out of the cave into the valet.Obtaining sight happens, as Plato puts it, with the minds eye and the bodily eye. But this conversion from being blind to being able to see does not happen to everyon e and not very easily. Plato argues that the capacity of sight is in the soul already, the eyes of the mind just need to turn from darkness to light in order to see the world. the means of knowledge can only by the movement of the whole soul be turned from the world of becoming into that of being, and of learn by degrees to endure the sight of being, and of the brightest and best of being, or in other words, of the good (Plato).The transition from blindness to sight, darkness into light, is not a quick or easy process. It is harsh and requires decisiveness and a strong, intellectual mind. After Oedipus is brought into the light of reality, he longs for the time he was not burdened with the harshness and misery reality brings he wants to return to darkness, travel to the security of his illusion. If I could have stifled my hearing at its source, I would have done it and made all this body a tight cellphone of misery, blank to light and sound so I should have been safe in a dark agony beyond all recollection (lines 159-163).The darkness of the cave and the power of the light outside of it is the most vivid picture painted by Plato in his allegory. He then continues, taking the allegory to the contiguous level the prison-house cave is the world of sight, the light of the fire of the sun, and you will not misapprehend me if you interpret the journey upwards to be the ascent of the soul into the intellectual world according to my poor belief (Plato) Plato is saying that the material world we live in is not the fullest reality.We live in a world that is but shadows of the chock-full reality we cannot see. In the context of Platos world, Oedipus, then, at the end of the play is still stuck in the next level of illusion. That is why he is so depressed. He has lost all of his sensual pleasures that Plato warns humanity about, and Oedipus is thus left feeling hopeless and lost in darkness. The complexity of these two works is enormous and poses questions which s eem almost unanswerable. Yet they complement each other very well, as you would expect given their mutual classical background.They both address the same characteristics of life and human nature truth and falsehood, sight and blindness, and light and darkness, all tied together by a theme of the seemingly relative divide of illusion and reality. Both works put an emphasis on the importance of truth and its always worth it, no matter what the cost. There are contrary types of sight bodily and mental. It seems that in order to have stronger mental sight, it is better to be bodily blind as seen with Oedipus and Teiresias.Escaping from the darkness into the light is escaping the illusions that the world and you yourself have created. The individual, according to Plato, must have his eye fixed, so that he may, in the world of knowledge, see the idea of good, which is seen only with effort and with a wisdom which more than anything else contains a divine element which always remains Sop hocles and Plato both see there is something missing in the reality of our world.There has to be more to this reality, we, therefore, must be living illusory lives and we need to emerge from the cave. If we do not, we are confined to a life lacking of meaning, true knowledge, and purpose. Thus the picture we have of Oedipus at the end of the play stuck in a life which is full of falsehood, blindness, darkness, and is an illusion? Alas for the seed of men. What measure shall I give these generations that breathe on the void and are void and exist and do not exist?Who bears more weight of joy than mass of sunlight shifting in images, or who shall make his thought stay on that down time drifts away? Your splendor is all fallen O Oedipus, most royal one The great door that expelled you to the light gave at night ah, gave night to your glory as to the father, to the fathering son. All understood too late For I weep the worlds outcast. I was blind, and now I can tell why asleep, for you had given ease of breath to Thebes, while the false years went by. (911-13 lines 1-9 32-36 49-53)

Geopolitics in Asia Essay

The study of the relationship among politics and geography, demography, and economics especially with admiration to the international policy of a nation. The study of geographic influences on power relationships in international politics. Geopolitical theorists have sought to demonstrate the importance in the determination of foreign policies of considerations much(prenominal) as the acquisition of natural boundaries, access to developed sea routes, and the control of strategically important land areas. The term was counterbalance employed in the early 20th century by the Swedish political scientist Rudolph Kjellen (1864 1922).Geopolitical factors have become less signifi kindlet in the foreign policies of states because of improvements in communications and transportation. Geopolitics in Asia Russia, India and Pakistan- chinaware Co summons With Russian President Vladimir Putin planning to visit Pakistan, some of my Indian friendsjournalists believe that the proposed trip is a kind of punishment for India because of Delhis proAmerican foreign policy. I think that such a simplistic explanation underestimates the complexity of the situation in the southern part of central Eurasia, which result visualise new changes after foreign troops withdraw from Afghanistan.And then a new geopolitical equation will emerge, where Pakistan and its geopolitical alliance with china will surely be the central element due to historical reasons and geographical circumstances. In 1950, Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the Peoples Republic of China, mend in the 1960s to early 1970s it remained capital of Red Chinas most steadfast ally during a period of a relative international closing off of the latter. China appreciates this support by providing Pakistan with both force, and technical and economic assistance, including the transfer of nuclear technology.Some experts believe that strengthening multilateral connections between India and the U. S. will turn over strategic alliance relations between Islamabad and capital of Red China even closer, even more so, because the Pakistani elite considers the partnership with China to be a security guarantee. Military-technical cooperation (MTC) of Islamabad and Beijing is carried out in three main areas Rockets Pakistani armed forces have short range and medium range missiles that experts heed as a modification of Chinese allistic missiles Combat aircraft the Pakistani Air Force has aircraft of Chinese design JF-17 Thunder and K-8 Karakorum, as well as the co-produced interceptor aircraft. In addition, the Pakistani Air Force uses the early warning radar system made in China (U. S. experts believe that the delay in the transfer of the stiff of the stealth helicopter that took part in the elimination of Osama bin Laden on May 2, 2011, was associated with its preliminary study by the Chinese military) Nuclear platform it is believed that China could have transferred to Pakistan the tec hnologies that are critical to the production of nuclear weapons.In addition to MTC, Pakistan and China are actively developing economic relations their knowledge acceleration was caused by a Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement of 2008. By some estimates, the bilateral trade is approaching $15 billion. With Chinas help, keen-sighted-term infrastructure projects are being implemented in Pakistan, covering road construction, minerals development (including copper and gold), the classical energy manufacturing as well as several projects in the nuclear / non-classical energy field.An important object of the joint activity was the construction of the deepwater port of Gwadar in Baluchistan Province (the port complex operation was started in December 2008. ). This port, located at 180 nautical miles from the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz, through which about 40% of the worlds supply of crude by water is accomplished, is of strategic importance to Beijing as well. First, it provides d iversification and hydrocarbons-supply protection and, secondly, it is possible to access the Arabian ocean through Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous arena (XUAR), which is important for the overall economic security of China.Formally, Pakistan has two main strategic allies China and the United States. However, in the light of the events in 2011 the provinces ruling circles have lost confidence in America and increasingly rely on China, referred to, at an informal level, as the all-weather ally. (An important factor in the growth of Islamabads distrust to Washington was the US-Indian nuclear deal that has in fact excluded India, according to Pakistani officials, from the nuclear nonproliferation regime. ) The decision by China to build two nuclear reactors in Pakistan, in addition to the existing ones, was a vivid demonstration of mutual trust.However, on that point are still some problems in the all-weather allies relationship. Chinas elite is concerned with the high level of political extremism in Pakistan. Beijing is worried about the growing militancy of the Uighurs operating from the tribal area of Pakistan. According to experts, a significant number of Uighurs who attended madrassas in Pakistan in the mid-eighties have been subsequently mobilized to units operating on the territory of Afghanistan first against the Soviet troops and later against the combined forces of the U. S. and its allies in their fight against the Taliban.A true faction of the Uighurs Mujahideen apparently returned to China. An opposite cause of concern in Beijing is the frequent attacks of political radicals against Chinese nationals working in Pakistan on mystify (more than 10,000 people). The situation is particularly difficult in the province of Baluchistan, in the western part of the country. Therefore, Beijing, preoccupied as it is with the safety of its citizens as well as the countrys prestige in the Muslim world, does not put a special emphasis on combating terrorism in P akistan, in fact, entrusting a study role in this campaign to the United States.In its turn, Washington takes into account Chinas growing concern over proactive forces of political Islam in Pakistan, seeing the coincidence of the United States and Chinas long-term strategic interests in combating radicalism. China seeks to maintain a strategic policy toward Pakistan that blends the two unlike principles 1) restriction of the geopolitical influence of the U. S. and India in South Asia, and 2) protection of the Celestial Empire against political extremism emanating from the Pakistani territory.This task is solved both by the match development of relations with Islamabad and Delhi, and through the promotion of good neighbourly relations between the two historic rivals. This, among other things, is due to the relatively straightforward policy of the Middle Kingdom, in particular regarding the Kashmir problem. Such a compromise position of Beijing is apparently connected with the fea rs of a possible opposition of the demonstration effect of fermentation in the big, i. e. historical, Kashmir on tentative ethnic and religious turmoil in Xinjiang and Tibet.PT-2 A point of view has long been firmly established among Indian political analysts that the only function of relations between China and Pakistan is that of containment of India in South Asia. It is difficult to deny the logic of such geopolitical constructions, but this position underestimates the importance of trends that cause a significant external impact on the internal political situation in China during the last decade. The permanent destabilising impact of events in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) on the overall development of China is a recognized fact.Moreover, political circles in Beijing do not rule out the possibility that supporters of the independent Uighur state operating from the KhyberPakhtunkhwa or North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) territory of Pakistan are support by the US A and some Muslim states. Therefore, Beijing endeavours to use various options to neutralise the forces of political Islam in Xinjiang, including those at the state level (Xinjiang is a alkali to over eight million Uighurs, the most radical of them are seeking to establish an independent state East Turkistan).In this direction the Chinas policy towards Pakistan has adopted new important points. On the one hand, Beijing was satisfied with a full support of action to eliminate disturbances in Urumqi in July 2009 by the President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari, the leader of a core Muslim state that has formally dissociated itself from the International Islamic Resistance Movement in Xinjiang. On the other hand, China has doubts about the Pakistan authorities ability to exercise effective control over all its territory.Beijing is not fully convinced in the authority of such controls and some of Islamabads steps taken against extremists, in particular the stringent restrictive measures against the Uighur settlements and their religious schools in Pakistan that have become nurseries for the forthcoming separatists. The doubts took the form of a direct musical arrangement on multilateral cooperation between the PRC Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.The goal of the agreement is establishing direct contacts with the NWFP leaders in order to suppress the activities of Islamists carried out from the territory of the province. The agreement, however, has a significant socio-economic content. Its supporting structure seems to be the broadening (with Chinas help) of the Karakorum Highway, which is strategic for both countries and (through the Khunjerab pass located at an altitude of 4,693 metres above the sea level) connects Xinjiang and NWFP.The Pakistani authorities seek to persuade China about the nicety of using the Karakorum Highway as a main international communication link for the delivery of imports to China from Pakistans ports, particularly from Gwadar in the Arabian Sea that has been modernised with the Beijings help. The agreement also provides for cooperation in the field of interregional trade, science and technology, culture, education, health, agriculture, sports and tourism.It can be noted filling the NWFP agreement with specific content, China will seek to engage as much of economically active population as possible in the bilateral interregional ties cycle, and thus bind their potentially destructive to China activities in Xinjiang. Interregional relations are only a part of the Beijings general course for stabilising the situation in Pakistan.The PRC leadership is aware that Pakistans problems are of structural and systemic origin, and that they are generated by the states government course that is constantly and on an extended basis reproducing the contradictions that threaten the unity and territorial integrity of the country. Beijing wants to diversify its geopolitical strateg y towards Pakistan and the South Asia as a whole. First, Beijing seems to be confident that because of its involvement in military activities in Afghanistan, the U. S. positions in Pakistan have been subtly but irreversibly weakening.The new equation of geopolitical power in Central Asia is indicative of China emerging as a dominant economic actor in the area. Beijing carries out the tactics of gently get-up-and-go the U. S. out of Pakistan through the time tested and proven practice of foreign economic relations expansion. In addition, Pakistan is counting on Chinas substantial financial assistance, as well as cooperation in the classical energy field, primarily the construction of hydropower stations along the lines of tested Chinese projects ( insensibled on the commence of the Three Gorges project on Yangtze River) in the mountains.Second, true to its strategic principle of economy defines geopolitics, China actively participates in the modernisation of transport infrastructur e in Pakistan. In fact, the implementation of projects in this area is subject to reaching a two-in one objective to ensure safe transportation of energy carriers on the Persian gulf South China Sea route and limit the U. S. influence in the regions of the Middle East, South and Central Asia that are a sensitive snatch for China.The above-mentioned project the Gwadar port in the north-western part of the Arabian Sea is an ideal place for observing the movement of vehicles and naval vessels coming from the Persian Gulf towards the East, and if necessary can be used to protect the vehicles delivering energy resources to the Far East. In particular, the active participation of experts from China in modernising bases and stations of Pakistan Navy submarines, which can also be used by Chinese submarines, speaks in favour of this assumption.Third, according to media reports, China intends to seek permission to open a military base in Pakistan. Military experts believe that there a re at least three strategic objectives pursued providing a soft military-political pressure on India throttle U. S. influence in Pakistan and Afghanistan direct supervising over the activities of the Uighur separatists in the NWFP of Pakistan. Fourth, according to Indian press, China has become a major supplier of military equipment to Pakistan. Currently, the Pakistani army is allegedly armed with Chinese military equipment to the tune of 70 percent.Moreover, citing some military sources in Delhi, the Indian press says If the prospect of receiving the Russian one-fifth generation fighter by the Indian Air Force is materialised, Pakistan will turn for help to China also carrying research in this area of military construction. And finally, for Pakistan, China remains an indispensable ally and partner in the improvement of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems since 1976. And there is no evidence of terminating that assistance in the foreseeable future.

Cultural Landscape Essay

A cultural stainscape is a piece of land that possesses natural and cultural resources related to an historic event, person, or group of people. They are usually man-made lexis of relationships with the nature and/or society or culture. These can include grand estates, public gardens and parks, educational institutions, cemeteries, highways, and industrial sites. pagan landscapes are also humanist works of art, texts and narratives of cultures that express regional and cultural identity.They also present relationship to their ecological perspective. Human activities have turned unwrap to be a major cause of shaping most cultivated landscapes on the surface of Earth. Human, animal and machine labor expended in using the land can create outstanding cultural landscapes with high aesthetic, cultural and ecological value such as the paddy-field rice terraces of south-east Asia, but may as easily result in land humiliation as is the case in some regions in the Mediterranean.The dist ribution of landforms such as steep slopes, potent plains, inundated valleys in a landscape sets the frame for land use by determining factors such as accessibility, water and nutrient availability, but may over long periods of time also be changed through land use. On the otherwise hand, land use serves distinct socio-economic purposes land may make out materials and energy through hunting, agriculture or forestry, it may host infrastructure, or it may be needed to absorb waste and emissions (Haberl et al., 2004). place downscapes can be seen as the contingent and historically variable outcome of this interplay between socio-economic and biophysical forces. During the evolution of cultural landscapes throughout the world, humans have developed adaptive land-use techniques and created specific patterns of fields, farmsteads, remnant woodlots and the exchangeable that depended on both natural and socio-economic conditions.In European agricultural landscapes, the long history of land transformation has led to regionally distinct regular patterns of geometrically arranged landscape elements, reflecting the historical and cultural soil of the prevailing land-use system of a region (Bell, 1999). The spatial distribution of ecotopes, the so-called landscape structure, has therefore lots been regarded as a mosaic of frozen processes i. e. landscape structure assumedly mirrors the processes which had been going on in a landscape.This perception has even become a primaeval paradigm in modern landscape ecology. While more ecosystem processes are difficult to observe directly, landscape structure can be derived from mapping as well as from remote-sensing data therefore, landscape structure was often not only used to evaluate the ecological value of landscapes, but also to sound out ecological aspects of the sustainability of land-use patterns (Wrbka et al. , 1999b). The Influence Of Land Form On The Intensity Of Land riding habit Cultural landscapes have, in c ontrast to natural and semi-natural landscapes, special characteristics.The disturbance regimen as well as the major material and energy fluxes in these transformed landscapes is controlled to a large extent by humans. This is done by the dissimilar land-use practices applied for meadows, arable land or forests. Decisions most land use are made according to the local agro-ecological characteristics which are nested in a power structure of social, economical and technical constraints. Cultural landscapes can thus only be netherstood by analyzing the interplay between biophysical and socioeconomic patterns and processes. adorn Structure And Intensity Of Land UseOdum and Turner (1989) found that the landscape elements of the Georgia landscape in the early 1930s had a higher fractal dimension than the elements of the same region in the 1980s. During the same period of time the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals increased dramatically. This illustrates that the gr owing human impact on the land may result in a landscape with decreasing geometrical complexity. Human activities introduce rectangularity and rectilinearity into landscapes, producing regular solves with straight borders (Forman, 1999 Forman and Moore, 1992).Various studies suggest that the rate of landscape transformation is a turn tail of land-use intensity (Alard and Poudevigne, 1999 Hietala-Koivu, 1999 Mander et al. , 1999 Odum and Turner, 1989), and that the geometric complexity of a landscape in particular decreases with increasing land-use intensity attended by a decrease of habitat heterogeneity and an increase of production units. Applying the thermodynamic laws to landscape structure, Forman and Moore (1992) suggested that the concentrated input of energy (e. g., by tractor ploughing, plant production, wildfire) decreases the entropy of patches compared to adjacent areas and produces straight and abrupt boundaries. In other words, energy is required to convert natural c urvilinear boundaries into straight lines and energy is required to maintain them. The reduction of the energy input increases entropy and revegetation convolutes and softens landscape boundaries. This factor that the landscape structure, in the sense of Forman and Godron (1986), can be regarded as frozen processes. Landscape Structure And BiodiversityMany surveys show that species richness of vascular plants and bryophytes normally decreases with land-use intensity (Luoto, 2000 Mander et al. , 1999 Zechmeister and Moser, 2001 Zechmeister et al. , 2003). As the link between landscape structure and land-use intensity could be established, shape complexity as a measure of land-use intensity seems to be also a good predictor of species richness (Moser et al. , 2002 Wrbka et al. , 1999a). Accordingly, higher species richness in areas with high LD and richness values can be expected.The use of shape complexity indices as indicators for plant species richness is based on an assumed corre lation between geometric landscape complexity and biodiversity (Moser et al. , 2002). Obviously, this correlation is not mechanistic but it is supposed to be due to congruent effects of land-use intensity on landscape shape complexity and species richness. Moser et al. (2002) gives a good literature overview about the driving factors responsible for the decrease of landscape complexity with increasing land-use intensity, which resulted in the following key findings* The majority of landscape elements in agricultural landscapes are knowing by humans as rectangles with straight and distinct boundaries (Forman, 1999). * Outside boundaries of semi-natural or natural patches are straightened by neighboring cultivated areas (). * Increasing land-use intensity is accompanied by a decrease of semi-natural and natural areas (Alard and Poudevigne, 1999 Mander et al. , 1999), resulting in a decrease of natural curvilinear boundaries.* Intensification in agriculture tends to increase the size of production units (Alard and Poudevigne, 1999 Hietala-Koivu, 1999). In addition to that intensification of land use on the production unit, e. g. , by fertilizing or increased mowing intensity, also leads to a dramatic decrease of the species richness (Zechmeister et al. , 2003). The description of the degradation of semi-natural and agricultural landscapes shows pull inly the interdependence of biodiversity and landscape heterogeneity, induced by closely interwoven ecological, demographical, socio-economic and cultural factors.For an effective conservation management of biodiversity and landscape eco-diversity, a clear understand of the ecological and cultural processes and their perturbations is essential. Intermediate disturbance levels lead to a highly complex and diverse cultural landscape which can host many plant and animal species. Landscapes, with eco-diversity hotspots, can be regarded as hint for biodiversity hotspots. Landscape pattern indicators therefore play an im portant role for landscape conservation planning. The understanding of landscape processes is crucial for the conservation of both, landscape eco-diversity and biodiversity.Conclusions From a conservation biology point of view, the ongoing process of genetic erosion and biodiversity loss as well as the replacement of specific recognizable cultural landscapes by monotonous ubiquistic production sites will continue. The biophysical characteristics and natural constraints of the investigated landscapes are interwoven with the regional historic and socio-economical development. This interplay is the background for the development of a variety of cultural landscapes which have their own specific characteristics. Geo-ecological land-units provide one solution.This is of special importance when the relationship of landscape patterns and underlying processes is under investigation. Works Cited Alard, D. , Poudevigne, I. Factors controlling plant diversity in rural landscapes a functional ap proach. Landscape and Urban Planning, 1999 46, 2939 Bell, S. , LandscapePattern, Perception and Process. E. &F. N. Spon, London, 1999 Forman, R. T. T. , & Godron, M. Landscape Ecology. Wiley, New York, 1986. Forman, R. T. T. , & Moore, P. N. Theoretical foundations for understanding boundaries in landscape mosaics.In Hansen, F. J. , Castri, F. (Eds. ), Landscape Boundaries. Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows. Springer, New York, 1992, pp. 236258. Forman, R. T. T. Horizontal processes, roads, suburbs, societal objectives in landscape ecology. In Klopatek, M. , Gardner, R. H. (Eds. ), Landscape Ecological Analysis Issues and Applications. Springer, New York, 1999, pp. 3553. Haberl, H. , Wackernagel, M. , Krausmann, F. , Erb, K. -H. , Monfreda, C. Ecological footprints and human appropriation of net primary production A comparison.Land Use Policy, doi10. 1016/ j. landusepol. 2003. 10. 008. , 2004 Hietala-Koivu, R. Agricultural landscape change a case study in Y lane , Southwest Finland. Landscape and Urban Planning , 1999 46, 103108. Luoto, M.. Modelling of exalted plant species richness by landscape variables in an agriculture area in Finland. Plant Ecology , 2000 149, 157168. Mander, U. , Mikk, M. , Ku. lvik, M.. Ecological and low intensity agriculture as contributors to landscape and biological diversity. Landscape and Urban Planning , 1999 46, 169177.

Who Killed Palomino Molero

The story is basically ab prohibited the murder of a young boy who was either drafted or enlisted in the base and is named palomino molero. The for the first time chapter begins with the description of the boys corpse hung on the old carob tree. The description brought me goosebumps because the death suffered by Palomino is a pitiable one and is beyond my imagination. The boys mouth and nose being goof and his testicles pulled out to his thighs ar the extremes of inhumanity.In order to interpret this ferocious killing , the author writes it was one occasion to imagine it (referring to the situation while the boy was describing the situation)and quite another to see it and smell it. The first chapter gives a brief view on the character of officer Lituma who is the one to have witnessed the tortured corpse. This chapter also gives an image about officer Litumas friends and the friendship they share. They have their own theme song and they are know as the unstobbables.Even at th e bar with his friends he cannot quite get the unpleasant incident out of his mind. There is an element of concern within him and a strong determination to find those cruel murderers of Palomino molero. The succor chapter introduces the boys mother Dona Asunta. It also describes her lifestyle and the place in which she lives in. Lust and superstition are two other elements found in the story. Lieutenant Silva has strong sexual desires for Dona Asunta inspite of the fact that she is espouse and has children.Superstition arises when the Dona asks Lituma if he had found the guitar that belonged to her son because the fortune tellers had told her that the day the guitar is found that would be the day the murderers would be revealed to them. This chapter also tells us that Palomino was a great singer and a harmless lad who would not take down hurt a fly. This chapter also introduces a character named Moises nicknamed Dumbo because of his unusually long ears. It ends with Lituma questi oning Dumbo, about his brutal death and trying to come up with reasons to his brutal killing. In my opinion the story is quite enkindle and it keeps me wanting to know more.

Martha Stewart’s Loss Reputation Essay

Martha Stewart is a well-known and respected woman who represents the successful women that made it on their own in todays society. Not only is she a stock broker, notwithstanding her fashion, style, nice taste, TV show and her line of dramatic art wares is what got her the popular publicity among many. When allegations against Martha Stewart surfaced many questioned her ethical actions. Due to allegations her profit reduces and the MSO dropped.Martha Stewarts main target consisted of women who were attracted by her charisma. Lets face it Martha was good at what she did, and women wanted to be like her by get her products. Marthas customers trusted her products and thinkd in its purpose. When the accusations rose against Martha, many started to question her ethical actions and wondered if they knew the real Martha and what she stood for. As years passed Martha continued to take the highlight of top new, at the compar suitable time her revenue reduced tremendously. As the profi ts went down, investors were getting ready to pay less and less for the shares of MSO. afterward doing some research on MSO financial statement I realized that MSO revenue has rapidly increasing before her disposition was harmed. In 1999 MSO total revenue was $232,314 and in 2001 it was $295,627. You back end defiantly see the increase in the numbers. Even though the economy and MSO competition I would assume that the revenue would keep on rising if Marthas reputation werent harmed. According to MSO financial statements, even though the MSO total revenue dropped to $212,433 in 2005, but by 2007 it was already up to $327,890. Based on total revenue predictions I would assume that the same would come with the stock price. If Marthas reputation was not harmed the stock price would have kept on increasing. disregarding of legal actions, in my view Martha was ethically incorrect. When the allegations first rose if Martha was innocent she should of came forward and defended herself. A t the same time complying with police investigation would of helped with her reputation. To a person like Martha Stewart $45,673 would not have been a good motivation to break the law and most importantly damage her reputation. If she didnt do anything wrong she could of donated that bills to charity, which will show her well intentions. Martha also could of made a donation to a local federation at need.Insider training is not only illegal but its also unethical. Everyone deserves a kick downstairs at fair opportunity to make investment decisions. Regardless of Martha Stewarts actions I still believe she was unethical and her actions is what caused harm to her reputation.Texaco The Ecuador IssueAround 1964 Texaco Inc. started operating through a subsidiary company TexPet in the Amazon region of Ecuador (Brooks & Dunn, 2010). TexPet was a minor owner of the project and its partner was Petroecudar. Petroecuador is a government owned oil company. Overtime thanks to TexPets operatio ns Ecuador greatly benefited, however at the time no one saw the wide-rangingger picture and long-time damages.Not only did Ecuador receive approximately 98 part of all money generated (Brooks & Dunn, 2010), but it also helped the economy by providing more accordingly 2,800 job positions. At this time it looks like Texaco was ethically wrong. They were doing their duty, which they were very successful at. At the same time they are able to help appear country at need. For the short-term anyone seemed to be perfectly okay with Texaco doing oil business in Ecuador. But then what happened?Even though Texaco has pulled out of the consortium in 1992, three big lawsuits were filed against them. By 1998, the $40 million remediation project was completed, which included clear lands were replaced, contaminated soil was remediated, and producing pissing systems were modified. This right here shows that Texaco had some kind of moral and ethical consideration towards their actions. In 199 4, a pubic louse study released by the Centre for Economic and Social Rights in New York confirmed the health problems in the region (Gillis, 2011). After reading this article written by Gills, I would say that Texaco was ethically wrong for what they did, and Ecuador had every right to sue them in United States.There had to be some kind of fairness behind Texaco knowing what the possible negative effects were going to be, and someone has to stop the companies from unethical behavior. In situation where oil spills were caused by natural disaster the company should not be held liable. If there was a documented earthquake and Texaco could prove that the oil spill damages were cause by the earthquake then they should not be held responsible. Every company should have procedures in place to prevent from oil spills in case of natural disaster and try to control the action as much as possible.They representation there is always a plan A, B and C in place. While the three lawsuits had square points, I must say that Texacos argument showed evidence of concern. After all they did spend $40 million on remediation project. This act shows that they were concerned nigh the outcome of their actions. But was it already easy for their generosity? Their actions did not match their concerns at all, which makes my point more valid that they acted unethically.Where Were the Accountants?Norm, is a graduate scholar who is virtually to apply to an accounting firm for a job when he notices few issues that are bugging him. After applying what he has learned and the rules and regulations of GAAP, Norm came to conclusion that the actions taken were unethical and wrong. Considering that he is second guessing himself about becoming a professional accountant I would propel him what he has learned, what his beliefs are, and what the rules and regulations were of GAAP. First of all I would make sure to point out to Norm that he is a great accountant already for noticing those issues . Maybe those mistakes were made on purpose but maybe they were done by error with a poor judgment. Norms knowledge is fresh and he has so much to offer to every accounting firm that they would be lucky to have him. Next to hisbrilliance are his morals, which I would remind him of.The fact that he notices something wrong in those articles is big. But what is even bigger is that he is willing to do something about it. Trust is very big when it coms to accountants and its clients. Norm needs to keep in mind that he needs to establish a relationship based on trust with his future clients. Last but not least I would remind Norm that the best he can do is at all the time follow the rules and regulations of GAAP. If he sticks to the rules and regulations he will not have to worry about being in same position as those articles were.Anyone can do the job, but not everyone can do the job the right way. With that being said I would remind Norm of all the curses we took in concert and how we a ced on all of them. Norm doesnt need any help on figuring out what to do with his career. What he needs is a gentle reminder of what he knows and where his ethical stand is. As someone who went to school with Norm, I would make sure to tell him that I believe he would be a good accountant.ReferenceBrooks, L., & Dunn, P. (2010). Business &professional ethics for directors, executives & accountants. (5th ed.). Mason, OH South-Western.Form 10-k Martha stewart living omnimedia inc-mso. (2008, March 17). Retrieved from http// program library.corporate-ir.net/library/96/960/96022/items/284892/10-K_as_Annual-Report.pdfGillis, C. (2011, April 27). Ecuador vs. chevron-texaco A brief history. Retrieved from http//www.counterspill.org/article/ecuador-vs-chevron-texaco-brief-history

The Impact of Personal and Organisational Variables

The impact of person-to-person and organisational vari suitables on the drawing cardship ardours of managing directors Summary This playing atomic number 18a has discover to collect and analyse data on a number of person-to-person as sanitary as organisational variables that atomic number 18 considered as potenti twoy riding habitful in explaining the lead movements of managers. Such data include the gender, age, aloofness of supporter in present organisation, length of service in an organisation, hierarchy, size and type of organisation, whether a manu facturing or a financial services entity, for instance.The objective of the study is to probe the impact of these variables, if any, on the leading title practices of managers. In the moderne precaution of human beingness resources it is useful to investigate whether, for example, t present is less use of organiseive form of leading in p origin to consultative, ruinicipative and delegative leading pract ices. If so, such practices pass on be in distribution channel with the expected liberalisation in todays world as dissentent from yesterdays to a greater extent authoritarian styles of organisational management.It would be useful to know what personalised characteristics, such as age, agree on drawing cardship practices which is supposedly based on some suggested principles. For example, how do older and junior top-level and dispirit-level organisational leaders differ in their lead activities? Knowledge of the answers to these and similar questions basin be used to improve the management of human resources. Respondents to this study identified a number of personal variables during the data collection phase.This included their age, gender, and length of service either in the present organisation or in tout ensemble organisations in which they have utilizati adeptd. Although a number of variables were thus involved and consequently used in the exploratory data analysis , some of them, handle gender and length of service, were non signifi basint, on their own, in the analysis. However, age shows up closely centrally in their effects on the leadership styles of the managers. On leadership styles and behaviour, omp bed with older workers, the researchers erect that younger workers feel to a greater extent comfortable in fast changing environments and argon more bequeathing to take risks and consider impertinent approaches. They besides operate with more energy and intensity, and have a greater capacity to energise new(prenominal)s. In addition, they are more potential to seek egress opportunities to take charge and push vigorously and competitively to chance upon a high level of results. When compared to older workers, younger workers uniformwise tend to work to beat and heighten themselves.Similarly, on leadership styles and behaviour, compared with younger workers, the researchers found that older workers study troubles in light of foregone practices in sanctify to ensure predictability, and minimise risk. They tend to maintain a calmer and more at a lower placestated (though not detached) demeanour. Older workers tend to maintain an in-depth knowledge of their field and use this knowledge to approach problems. They cooperate and set apart more, in addition to showing a greater head of empathy and concern for other workers. Contrary to the practices of younger workers, the authors suggest that older workers work to develop and promote others.Respondents were asked to indicate their general gladness levels with their bosss leadership styles. Given the hierarchical nature of most organisations, subordinates rated bosses who, in raise, rated their own bosses and so on so that a full picture of the situation with this consideration was obtained. A further examination of the data suggests that managers at high organisational hierarchy, obviously, tend to use some but not all of the four leadership styles directive, consultative, participative and delegative.The tactual sensation seems to be that before they get to the higher organisational position they would have tried each of the leadership style dimensions and decided to concentrate on only one, two or three of them but not all four leadership styles. Experience would have assisted them in selecting and concentrating on the style or styles of leadership that they considered most appropriate during the executing of each of their organisational activities.A corollary of this finding is that lower level managers tend to use significantly more of the overall leadership styles in comparison with the higher-level managers. This finding is as expected since lower-level managers need fourth dimension and experience to decide which of the styles would work ruff for them in different situations. Thus in their analyzeing serve upes, they might decide to use each and all of the leadership styles during their learning period. This stu dy set step to the fore to examine the leadership styles of managers from the perspectives of their ages and the levels they occupy in their organisational hierarchies.Using survey data from over 400 UK employees and managers, the authors found that managers at higher organisational hierarchies tend to use less of the overall leadership style in preference to one or the other of the directive, consultative, participative or delegative leadership styles. It was felt that their experiences enable them to more easily select an appropriate style of leadership in achieveing their organisational activities rather than relying on a composite leadership style. However, it was as well as found that older managers tend to use less of the soulfulness leadership styles in preference to the overall leadership style.This situation leaves us with the conclusion that the higher level managers in our study may not be the oldest ones and that, today, younger managers are rising to the top positi ons in organisational management. i reason for this, of course, is the increasing use of engineering in managerial duties and that younger managers tend to be more adept at this than their older colleagues. wizard of the implications of our finding is that organisations today must more and more recognise the complementary roles and skills of younger and older employees in achieving their goals. be on does not necessarily have to be an asset or a barrier.THE DOWNSIDE OF SELF-MANAGEMENT A LONGITUDINAL learn OF THE EFFECTS OF CONFLICT ON TRUST, AUTONOMY, AND TASK INTERDEPENDENCE IN SELF-MANAGING TEAMS Summary Over the past some decades, inte sleep in self-managing teams has increased, particularly interest in come acrossing their figure, construction, and surgical operation. Little is known rough how self-managing teams design and adapt themselves, and how these actions affect death penalty. A recent review of teams in organizations that specifically discussed adaptation d id not reference any research exploring structural change as an adaptive mechanism.The author illustrated an example of teams with high leave suffering performance losses when they adopted a design with high individual autonomy. Thus, selfmanaging teams ability to pick out and adapt their structures has meaning(a) implications for their performance. In general, flexibility and adaptability are beneficial and are often what allow teams to empty trouble and manage problems successfully. However, the author suggest this flexibility can sometimes be a liability, specifically when a self-managing team unintentionally adopts a potentially dysfunctional design.The authors cogitate is on how occupation and descent contest in self-managing teams can cause them to restructure themselves in response. The author defines assess conflict here as disagreement among collection members more or less decisions, viewpoints, ideas, and surveys and as potentially including controversy over t he best(p) bearing to achieve a collection goal or objective. In the context of self-managing teams, the issue of structure and process becomes more complex than it is for traditional work teams.Normally, structural, or design, variables are considered exogenous inputs in a true input-process-output (IPO) model, but in the case of self-managing teams they can clearly be outputs as well. This characteristic raises two briery issues, one conceitual and one methodological. First, it suggests that the study of self-managing teams should address not just the immediate effect of structure on outcomes such as performance, but overly the effects on structure itself of various processes, such as conflict, and the effects of emergent states like assumption.Conflict has long been known to have the potential to harm group processes, such as coordination and cooperation, as well as performance outcomes, such as goal acquirement, and often is known about the causes and effects of confl ict in teams. Although the benefits of sharing divergent viewpoints and discussion are clear, specially in terms of team decision- fashioning quality, the overall effect of some(prenominal) task and relationship conflict on performance appears to be interdict. Despite voluminous research, the effects of onflict on team structure have stayed largely un searchd, representing a significant shortcoming in academic reason of teams, particularly selfmanaging ones. The author believes that the links between conflict and structure may not only be direct, but also indirect through intervening variables such as intrateam trust, which has been found to be important to self-managing team performance. Hypothesis 1. Higher conflict, whether task or relationship, is associated with lower trust.The author expects that the reductions in trust associated with increased conflict will in term of enlistment yield team structure, resulting in lowered autonomy and task interdependence. Autonomy an d task interdependence both consistently stand out in the team design literature as the two simple structural reckons of teams. Hypothesis 2. Lower trust is associated with lower levels of individual autonomy in a team. It is also likely that trust influences task interdependence. By a logic similar to that presented above, experiences of risk may also lead team members to limit task interdependence and coordination requirements.Task interdependence is often considered the extent to which an individuals task performance depends on the efforts and skills of others. Hypothesis 3. Lower trust is associated with lower levels of task interdependence in a team. In addition to the indirect effects discussed above, it is also possible for conflict to have direct effects on team structure. In terms of autonomy, such effects might result from a desire for revenge or retribution in response to task or relationship conflict a team member might essentially withhold autonomy from another as a punitive act.Hypothesis 4. Higher conflict, whether task or relationship, is associated with lower levels of individual autonomy in a team. A direct effect of conflict on task interdependence is also possible, as team members may redesign their team to avoid interacting with one another. If relationship conflict is high, members can reduce task interdependencies to minimize their contact with team members they do not like, thus avoiding conflict. Hypothesis 5. Higher conflict, whether task or relationship, is associated with lower task interdependence.Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 thus suggest that trust serves as an indirect intervening variable by which trust is affected by conflict and, in turn, affects team structure. Hypothesis 6. Higher conflict, whether task or relationship, is associated with teams characterized by a combination of lower task interdependence and lower individual autonomy. Finally, it is worth noting that such a design low interdependence combined with low autonomy is potentially dysfunctional.Thus, moving slenderly outside the main focus of the present study, the author would also expect to find such an interactional effect of autonomy and task interdependence on team performance. In other words, design changes that are either directly or indirectly associated with conflict in a self-managing team are likely to have dysfunctional effects on performance. The authors basic contention is that self-managing teams can be particularly temptable to detrimental effects of conflict as a result of their ability to alter their own structures and designs.The results have largely supported that contention. He has shown that higher levels of conflict (especially relationship conflict) in teams are associated with lower task interdependence and individual autonomy, partly because of direct effects, and partly because of indirect effects of lower trust. He also demonstrated that high conflict in teams is associated with the combination of lower autonomy a nd interdependence, which is a potentially dysfunctional design for a self-managing team, with lower performance than other configurations. leadershiphip in the Service of Hospitality SummaryThe description of leadership has changed considerably in the past one hundred years, beginning with the great man concept and, more recently, focusing on transformational leadership. The next step in leadership evolution is handmaid leadership, in which the leader seeks to support and empower followers. The implications are considerable for the cordial reception patience, since it is based on the concept of leadership through service. Hospitality educators could take steps to instill servant leadership principles in students to equip them for this increasingly relevant leadership style.This paper looks back on half a one C of publications, the changes it has recorded in leadership theory and practice illustrate the evolution of approaches to understanding the relationship between leade rs and followers in hospitality organizations. In the received lineage climate, there is a greater need for leaders who can guide with integrity and courage instead of autocratic leaders. so it seems logical to research several(prenominal) philosophies on employee address and environmental stewardship. These philosophies promote a culture of trust and respect.This emerging approach to leadership is examined in light of the pressing issues businesses are confronting as we move into the second decade of the twenty-first centuryleaders whose motives are often questionable and a workforce that has become increasingly stressed, disillusioned, and disengaged. Early theories focused almost exclusively on personal characteristics of the leader and attempted to better understand the reason for his or her impact on organizational performance. In fact, one of the first perspectives was called the great man theory under the premise that leaders (at that time, almost exclusively male) were born, not made.During the 1950s and 1960s, behavioural theories emerged with increasing frequency. Theorists proposed that individuals could learn to be leaders through skill discipline and deliberate action. While the earliest theories focused on the leaders characteristics and competencies in search of the key to greater military strength, thinking during the past twenty-five years has largely taken a broader view that considers both the dynamics created between the leader and his or her followers as well as the context and features of the particular environment.Servant leadership captures and reimagines elements from introductory thinking on the requirements of both the individual as leader and his or her relationship with followers. Servant leaders demonstrate the flexibility required for effectiveness in a culturally diverse workplace, incorporating the positive(p) and appropriate aspects of other leadership models. Behaviors Associated with Servant Leaders 1. Listening in tently to others combined with personal considerateness on what is heard 2. Empathy assuming the good intentions of colleagues 3. knowingness understanding issues involving ethics and set . Persuasion, rather than relying on authority or coercion 5. Conceptualization servant leaders dream great dreams and are also operationally skilled 6. Foresight the ability to predict the likely outcome of a situation 7. Stewardship holding institutions in trust for the greater good of fiat 8. Commitment to the personal and overlord growth of all employees 9. Building community within the organization As definitions of customer service turn to customer direction, servant leadership becomes increasingly relevant. Servant leaders appreciate, encourage, and care for their followers.Employees, inspired by the example their leader sets, in turn provide generous and genuine care to guests. When employees take personal responsibility for addressing each guests needs, when they serve out of a person al commitment to provide value and assistance, service becomes authentic and quality increases. This customization of service translates into high customer satisfaction and subsequent organizational effectiveness. When employees perceive their leader as accreditedwhen they keep their promises and act on espoused valuesemployee commitment, effort, and efficiency increase.While both servant and transformational leaders seek to empower employees, servant leadership adds an ethical speech pattern beyond what is generally found in transformational leadership theory. Arguments have been posed that transformational leaders, highly motivated to accomplish their organizational goals, may be tempted to use their charisma and misrepresent aspects of the situation to their followers. The path to servant leadership is not of all time direct, and students must be further to cultivate a long-term view of the journey.Educators can help each student to see the value in doing what is skillful, ev en if it is not immediately recognised or rewarded. While focus is on facilitating these outcomes in student learners, staff may find that mold servant leader attitudes and practices can help them to facilitate personal responsibility and high standards of ethical behaviour. When faculty demonstrate empowerment and build trust, they can raise students expectations regarding the requirements of their future tense hospitality leadership role. Job-Related Barriers and Coping Behaviors n the Career victimisation of Hospitality Undergraduates Summary The main reason why this research is through is to understand the reason for the extremely high turnover in the hospitality pains. The purpose of most of the hospitality knowledge programs is to prepare students for future management positions. However, many of these students drop out after 3-5 years. The first step of the survey, in the direction of solving the problem is to understand students course planning. Studies from the studen t perspective are scarce, so this study will focus mainly on these students, hree main objectives guiding the study. 1. To explore and compare hospitality students wisdom of work- resuscitate barriers 2. The relationships between the role of the barriers students investigate in their public life decision processes. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of life story centering to improve and suggest directions for future studies focusing on barriers for hospitality students Job-related barriers are defined as events or circumstances, either within the person or in his or her environment, which are part of a travel progress difficult.Several studies focus on further classification of these charge difficulties. Factors, including race, age, education and soil are examined during the years. In addition to the quantitative studies that have focused on the effects of barriers for student life story developing processes a few researchers found that qualitative methods have the advanta ge of improving the exploration of the students perceived barriers. nowadays hospitality researchers have developed a new and different approach to the career evolution of students in the hospitality industry.Acquiring useful skills is viewed helpful in promoting hospitality graduates compatibility with advances in the industry. Along with the before mentioned approach, the view and the perception of the students in the hospitality is considered more and more important. The lack of opportunities for growth was the main reason reported by alumni of hotel and restaurant programs for changing employers or leaving the industry. Unsuitable working hours and poor financial compensation be mentioned as another important reason for the change businesses, changing careers, or leave the industry altogether.Career decision-making self-efficacy (CdSe) refers to the degree of confidence people have in their expertise or ability to selective informational, educational and headmaster goal-plan ning activities to be carried out. In addition to these CdSe states that the students perceptions of barriers can be based on several considerations chance barriers arise, the degree of disruptiveness as it occurs, and an individual is able to overcome barriers . A total of 430 surveys were distributed to hospitality students at two universities through the differentiate sampling method (program enrollment ratio 73).School 1 is regain in a teentsy suburban university city with a world of 27,906 and a number of medium-sized cities in the area. School 2 is located in a medium sized city known for commercial and medical institutions with a population of 217,326 and the proximity of nearby small towns. Selection of these two savors, the investigator in order to determine whether post has significant influence on the selected variables. One of the outcomes of this research is what kind of cistrons are considered as the main barriers.The factors, obstruction finding a job because of a tight attention market and not knowing the right people to get a job came in first and second. The findings of this study suggest that students perceived barriers differently, because the aforementioned(prenominal) item are grouped into different factors within the subscales. Thus, the inability to move away from friends / family seen as change getting a job they desire (finding the job factor), but the move was also seen as their performance on the job to influence (performing the work factor).When both quantitative and quantitative measures were used to students perceptions of career barriers to explore other results have emerged from these two reviews. When students had a choice to predetermined list of wide assessments happenn, they rated the tight labor market as the top concern, followed by lack of connection. The findings of this study showed that students often use problem-oriented methods to deal with barriers.Again, although the qualitative method may have limited students from considering all possible coping strategies, students turned on home(a) (hard to improve themselves, work) over external assistance (eg professional help) to find solutions. This result showed a consistency in the qualitative data, because internal barriers (lack of experience, motivation, self-confidence) more than external ones (tight labor) were cited. Finally, the moderate relationship found in this study showed that although students were able to career decision in the hospitality industry , they do not have the confidence in this field to conquer the barriers.By studying the career phylogenesis processes of hospitality students, hospitality teachers will benefit from understanding how to help students cope with barriers and hospitality situated in a better position to help students with their career goals. Decreasing barriers in students career planning will improve hospitality students control over their career deportment. A conscious choice of career, a mean ingful career goal and career preparation will facilitate hospitality students commitment to their career choices and retention in the hospitality industry. Career Decision reservation and Intention a Study of Hospitality Undergraduate StudentsSummary This study focused on a sample of hospitality undergraduate students and had three main objectives First, to determine factors that affect their career-related decisions second, to explore motivations for act a hospitality career and third, to examine whether the probability of hospitality students career intentions can be predicted by selected variables Self-Efficacy. This concept dominates career development theories and may be best described as Can I do this? . Self-efficacy serves as a mediator to motivate people to achieve a special goal, such as move a career in the hospitality industry.Self-efficacy is about individuals belief in their ability to carry out the following five tasks self-appraisal, vocational information gather ing, plans for the future, problem solving, and goal selection. Performing these five tasks is essential to achieve career maturity. Outcome Expectations. This factor is an important determinant of career interests and choice goals and may be best described as If I do this, what will happen? . Outcome expectations are both the built-in and extrinsic rewards that career choices and goals are based on. Vocational Exploration.This factor refers to a process that an individual engages when choosing a career. This process begins with exposure to various sources of information (about ones self, the vocational world, and alternative options) and involves activities such as (a) testing occupational preferences and interests, (b) evaluating suitability and obtaining feedback, (c) establishing career goals and overcoming barriers and obstacles, and (d) engaging in and committing to a career choice. Career Intentions. This factor is defined as the degree to which a person has formulated consc ious plans to perform or not perform some specified future behavior.Both self-efficacy and outcome expectations are predictors of career intentions and persistence behavior. Three methods of data analysis were performed in this study. First, a series of bivariate correlation analyses was conducted to test the relationships among career-related variables. Second, logistic regression analysis was performed to test the hypothesis and identify background and career-related variables that significantly predicted the probability of students intention to work in the hospitality industry after graduation.Third, students responses to one open-ended question were thematically analyzed. This question encouraged students to express their own views and opinions about pursuing careers in the hospitality industry. The authors results hold three main implications for both hospitality educators and industry. First of all, hospitality students in this study identified themselves as the most influenti al factor in making career decisions and also reported intrinsic rewards as more valuable outcomes or inducings for pursuing careers than extrinsic.Implications of this finding suggest that hospitality firms continue to create industry positions that promote self-reliance, autonomy, advancement, opportunities for personal and professional development, and sense of achievement. These researchers concluded that money alone does not motivate a young manager the strongest driver of commitment is the intrinsic nature of the job, and one of the most important job features focuses on contest job that offers growth opportunities. Industry may also find our qualitative data on students motivations for pursuing a hospitality career valuable.Their responses matched with industry professionals views regarding qualifications for hospitality graduates in the 21st century, and included service attitude, flexibility, admire serving people, enjoy what you do, dedication, and commitment. Second, h ospitality educators may find our regression analysis on factors affecting undergraduate students career intentions worthwhile when planning curriculum. For example, female students were found to show stronger intentions to work in the hospitality industry than male students. How does the material/information in the articles relate to the career development course of instruction hat you followed at IHM? The IHM career development create mentally is created to prepare the student for his/her professional life after graduating IHM. By the use of several obliged tests and concessions, the student and his/her study career coach try to find out what the weaknesses and more important, strengths of the student are. Along with the before mentioned activities, the students tries to acquire skills that might help him/he in the future. Because the author of this engagement is currently a second year student, the first two years of the career development programme are examined.According to (Kuang Chuang, 2011) most of the career development programmes are designed to fit the student in a profile that companies expect. However the turnover rate in the hospitality industry is extremely high, most of the universities do not change their programmes to decrease this high turnover rate. As mentioned before, students are bounded to several tests in order to increase their chance to receive a suitable job after graduation. The examples take placen in the article of the before mentioned authors, are the so called job-barriers.These barriers are events of circumstances that are part of career development difficulties of the ex-student. Examples of barriers are inflexible working hours, poor financial compensation and the lack of growth. Students mentioned these three barriers as most important factors to leave the industry. right away the industry, together with the universities, realize more and more that the students point of view is important as well. Only fitting into a p rofile is not applicable anymore in the current market. Personal opinions, from students in this case, are becoming the new standard.The link with the IHM career development programme is that IHM tries to learn the student a range of skills that might turn out useful in any industry and not only the hospitality industry. Improving the lack of experience and motivation are also an important part of the programme. Of course fitting into a certain profile is also part of the programme, e. g. company visitations in the first year, and the expectations that derive from these visitations. Overall the article concludes that hospitality teachers will benefit from understanding how to help students with their barriers and how to give them a better position on the future market.A well chosen choice of career, a well structured goal and preparation will improve the chance of reaching the goals of students. The second article (Ning-Kuang Chuang and bloody shame Dellmann-Jenkins, 2010), tries to understand the factors that are involved in choosing a future career for students. Further objectives were if the career intentions of students can be predicted by researching several variables. In accordance with the IHM programme, the articles explains the importance of self efficiency. It can be best described as Can I do this?Part of the self efficiency are also individuals belief in their ability to carry out the following five tasks self-appraisal, vocational information gathering, plans for the future, problem solving, and goal selection. in particular in the practical modules, students are constantly challenged to improve their performance and look critically towards themselves and to others. These factors are essential in achieving a mature and professional student. The focus in this part lies on the last two factors, problem solving and goal selection because these to factors can be best related to the career development programme of IHM.One of the boundaries that lies i n the main question in this part of the assignment is the fact that all the articles should relate to the career development programme. However, the entire educational programme of IHM focuses on the before mentioned factors, and thus this part will also include information about the rest of the IHM programme. The most obvious factors in the IHM programme related to problem solving is Problem Based Learning. In short, PBL. During these sessions students are trained in solving real life problems, that might also occur in the careers of the students contributing in a session.But PBL is in the authors opinion not only about solving problems but also about saddle horse goals. What does a group want to achieve, will that challenge them, and why do the students want to know it? all these aspects of the IHM programme relate to this article in such a way that IHM also tries to find out why a student wants to achieve something. In the article, the students stated that money was not the on ly motivator in a job, but the intrinsic value that was found in a job gave the decisive. Especially these intrinsic values are also mentioned in the industry as most important in hiring people. because the IHM educational programme is an extension of the article or the other way around. Describe in your own words how a manager of a hospitality company can use the information derived from the articles and the career development programme. What is a leader? Is a leader someone born to lead, or someone intimate to lead? In earlier times especially men were considered leader that were born. There gender and background gave them the status that was expected and necessary to lead. In those days, most of the leaders were autocratic leaders, not much or little attention was given to the human aspects of leading.According to (Judi Brownell, 2010), the great man concept was the way to look at leaders. Nowadays leaders are considered transformational, they change according to what is needed to lead successful. The next step is the servant leadership style in which the leader seeks to support and empower followers. The implications are considerable for the hospitality industry, since it is based on the concept of leadership through service. In the current market there is a need for trustworthy leaders who lead with integrity. Care about employees and the environment are considered more and more important.Keywords are trust and respect, and motives of leaders are, or are becoming questionable, and more often employees are stressed, disillusioned and disengaged. Is the personality of the leader the key factor in success? Or can a leader be trained to be a leader as mentioned before? Servant leadership might be the new success, but I have my doubts about the new element in this case. The hospitality industry has always been an industry were not the employees, but the guests and their expectations were considered most important.Employees in this industry have always been servants of guests. In my opinion is a good leader in a hospitality company, a trustworthy, respectable and integer person. One that has feeling with his company and his employees in order to let the guest feel at home and hard-boiled as such. Quality increases when employees feel respected and valued. While both servant and transformational leaders seek to empower employees, servant leadership adds an personal aspect to the business beyond what is normally found in transformational leadership.According to (Titus Oshagbemi, 2008), t would be useful to know what personal characteristics, such as age, and gender have on leadership which is based on some suggested principles. For example, how do older and younger top-level and lower-level organisational leaders differ in their leadership activities? Older workers are considered more calm and understated, they tend to cooperate and delegate more work compared to their younger employees. Also these older workers show a greater degree of empathy and care for their colleagues, they work to develop and promote others instead of themselves.According to my opinion all this theory is important but not essential. Of course a leader can be trained in more or less disciplines of the hospitality business. But overall a leader is born, a leader has a innate feeling of what he/she has to do in order to make his employees do what he/she wants without being questioned. In addition to this most important factors a good leader, let his/her employees feel valued and respected. I think a hospitality leader is a leader that can deal with all sorts of problems. The most important information in these two articles is the information about the servant leadership.This kind of leadership should, in my opinion, almost be natural in a hospitality company. It doesnt maybe give direct rewards or benefits, but it would increase the quality of a stria of companies. A leader is in every way a role model, not only business wise but also person al wise. When answering the main question, for a hospitality manager without the natural leadership ability, I would recommend to turn the entire process around. Try to find out what you would like to experience when visiting your own company. How should the staff treat you, how should the overall feeling be?Explore what being a leader is about? According to these articles there are different ways to achieve a successful company. In addition to these articles, a manager should learn how to develop him/herself, the career development programme gives look at of opportunities to do so. By the hand of e. g. a Belbin Teamroletest or a Core Quality Quadrant, a manager might come up with ways to improve his leadership capabilities. But in my opinion, a manager hopefully already owns this kind of knowledge about him/herself, and should not have to rely on a university programme.Describe in your own words the importance of self management, personal leadership and career development for your personal professional development as a manager. Self management is the ability to lead a group without being constantly supervised or controlled. Little is actually known about the pros and cons of self management, on the one hand it is a positive factor that individual peers can form an main(a) group, with self control. A group that makes it own decisions and is responsible for its performance. Skills like leadership, cooperation and team-building can be conditioned.On the other hand, one might maintain that conflicts easily occur within a group, these conflicts might decrease the overall performance in this group. Conflicts are caused by a bad designed group, a group without clear agreements and without a clear structure. In this case the self management in my own personal professional development as a manager is the main issue. E. g. is the experience I gained at IHM with self managed groups. Especially in module assignments, teamwork is at the essence. Placed most of the time in a random group, it is just dowery whether you are placed in a productive group, or not.Of course there are the workshops about cultural differences, effective teamwork and communication skills, but these workshops do not contribute to the basic of these groups. A group consists out of 4 peers, 2 peers are contributing and obviously 1 or 2 are not. This is the problem that, in my opinion, comes forward in any group. Answering the before mentioned main subject, self management is extremely important, if carried out correctly. Students at IHM, might get the feeling that there are always negative aspects in a group process. This is a negative aspect in the self managing atmosphere of IHM.However I believe that if carried out correctly and if just slightly supervised, the before mentioned, negative peers get the feeling that they also have to work in order to reach the set objectives. So concluded I would say that self management is important when becoming a future manager but it sho uld be learned correctly in order to succeed. Secondly I will explain my vision on personal leadership in my personal professional development as a manager. As mentioned earlier in this assignment, I think leaders are born instead of taught. I realize that in the current, outside(a) market, this vision is to black and white.I understand the importance of knowing the theory behind leading and the ability to perform according to the theory. In addition I will specify the manager part in the earlier mentioned statement. At IHM we are becoming future hospitality managers. In my opinion hospitality managers should have a common feeling of what a guest actually wants. The basic should be right in order to successfully create a future manager. Besides all the business, marketing and HRM knowledge, the basic should be right. Therefore I think that just a percentage of all the IHM graduates will become successful future hospitality managers.This might also be a reason for the high turnover in the industry, however this will not be examined further in this assignment. Self management will however remain one of the most important factors in our future jobs, because of the increasing globalization and the changing nature of the hospitality industry. Finally this part of the assignment will focus on the career development part in becoming a manager. In my opinion standing still is Especially in the current modern business market, every single individual has to keep improving whenever the possibilities are present.Improving does not only relate to performing better, but also on the before mentioned fact of dealing with problems, the so called barriers. These barriers will not only come up when being a manager, but will cross the paths of current IHM students as well. Therefore I would like to explain the importance of career development by using the example of the students, becoming managers. I think one of the most important factors in career development is to turn the b arriers into something positive. Learn from the difficulties that will sooner or later arise. Together with this barrier dealing issue, the performing part is the other main aspect.I think it is wise for managers in any industry to improve their overall performance constantly. Not only from learning theory, but from learning the industry as well. Explore what, related to the hospitality industry, your guests want and how their needs change. What are the trends and how will you use these in your advantage? Write a reflection of what you have learned from this replacement assignment, and how this can help you to make the right career decisions for you. At first, I have to be honest, I thought of this assignment as just the next of many others.The selfsame(prenominal) aspects of the career development programme highlighted again. Until the moment that I started searching for articles. I realized that there was a lot to learn about these kind of programmes. Information that I had never seen before. Useful research that had been done concerning real life students problems. In the last part of this replacement assignment I will focus on the 3 factors mentioned in the part above. Self management As mentioned earlier in this assignment I consider the luck factor in a designated module assignment group as a negative aspect. But maybe I should consider this barrier as a positive factor.I will help my fellow peers to gain a feeling with a project, try to guide them manger the available theory and set up clear rules and agreements. This might be a positive influence in a group. These steps will improve the group process and eventually the overall performance. Therefore I consider this a right decision in my upcoming career. Personal leadership I always have, and still do, consider myself as a leader type of person. This comes forward out of my personal experiences. E. g. I have been the chairman of several commissions, part of the largest student hockey club in the Neth erlands.And I used to be the captain of my team. One of my strong points is that I can understand the position of other people in situations, I always try to listen carefully, not only to what people are telling me, but also what they dont. During my first two years at IHM, especially my practical module points and PBL points, underline this personal skill. Positive feedback from PBL coordinators and fellow peers also prove this. Currently my objective is to get a internship at the famous Amstel Hotel in Amsterdam. During my third year at IHM I will focus more on what is expected from me if I want to get the internship.Together with the Industrial Placement Office, I will try to make the right decisions in this step of my career as well. Career development After making this assignment I think I will consider the career development programme of IHM as a useful part of the education, instead of a less interesting way to receive credits. I think it would be good to make these kind of a ssignments part of the career development programme, because it offers a lot of information to students that they otherwise wouldnt have seen at all. It also gives students the opportunity to broaden their horizon bout career development, further than the basic assignments, in my opinion, for the portfolio do. The assignments given in the first 2 years of the education give not really a in depth view of the benefits the programme has. Conclusion Finally I want to conclude that however I didnt like the assignment at first, I realize that it will contribute to my career development programme in a positive way. After reading all the information in the articles, my look on the programme changed. It became clear to me that it is a way of preparing you for your upcoming professional life, however at first I might not seem that way.I read more about self management, career development and personal leadership in one week than in the rest of the two years together, and learned a lot. Literat ure list 1. Ning-Kuang Chuang. (2011). Job-Related Barriers and Coping Behaviors in the Career Development of Hospitality Undergraduates . Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism. 14-32. DOI 10. 1080/15332845. 2010. 500183 2. Ning-Kuang Chuang and Mary Dellmann-Jenkins. (2011). Career Decision qualification and Intention a Study of Hospitality Undergraduate Students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 2010 34 512 originally published online 19-05-2010.DOI 10. 1177/1096348010370867 3. Judi Brownell. (2011). Leadership in the Service of Hospitality. AUGUST 2010 Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 363. Volume 51, solution 3 363-378. DOI 10. 1177/1938965510368651 4. George W. Langfred. (2007). THE DOWNSIDE OF SELF-MANAGEMENT. Academy of Management Journal 2007, Vol. 50, No. 4, 885900. 5. Titus Oshagbemi. (2008). The impact of personal and organisational variables on the leadership styles of managers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 19, No. 10, October 2008, 18961910.